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Climatology and Meteorology
Climatology and Meteorology
Some types of thermometers:
- liquid-in glass
- bimetallic
Mercury barometer has a bowl with liquid in it and a
tube sealed at the top and open at the bottom immersed in the liquid. When pressure rises, the mercury in the tube
rises.
Thermometers
Thermometers
measure temperature.
Some types of thermometers:
- liquid-in glass
- bimetallic
- infrared
thermoelectric
Liquid in Glass Thermometer
Most common for
everyday use (medicine, cooking, etc.)
Liquid is either
mercury or alcohol
Difficult to
automate – led to development of other thermometers
Bimetallic Thermometer
Uses a coil of two
different metals attached to one another
Different metals
expand at different rates
Used in:
round outdoor thermometers
thermostats
Infrared Thermometer
Measures the
infrared radiation emitted by an object (night-vision uses it)
Used to take an
instant (not delayed) temp reading of the air.
Easily automated
- but other aspects such as ground color can affect temp readings
Thermoelectric Thermometer
Most common thermometer for automated stations
Advantages: Rugged, reliable, wide temperature range, inexpensive, and
fast response
Works by passing a known voltage through a wire who’s resistance varies
as a function of temperature.
Anemometer
Used to measure
wind speed
Most common type =
cup anemometer
When the wind is
gusty, it overestimates the avg. wind speed because of momentum
Must be placed far
away from obstacles to be accurate (Distance = 10x the height of tallest
object)
Wind Vane
Measures wind
direction
Points parallel
with the wind
Has a “fatter” tail
than head so it won’t point 180º in the wrong direction.
Easily automated with a rotating sensor inside the joint with
the pole.
Barometer
Measures atmospheric pressure
Works like a weight scale for the air above it
Aneroid barometer uses gears attached to a sealed air
container that expands or contracts with decreasing or increasing pressure,
respectively.
Mercury barometer has a bowl with liquid in it and a
tube sealed at the top and open at the bottom immersed in the liquid. When pressure rises, the mercury in the tube
rises. Rain Gauge
Several kinds but tipping bucket rain
gauge is the most useful since it can be automated.
How it works:
- Rain falls into one of two buckets
- When
it’s fills up with .01” of rain,
gravity causes it to tip
- Other bucket fills and tips
- Number of tips counted electronically
Other instruments
Many other instruments are used such as a hygrometer which measures
humidity.
There are other instruments to collect data that we will discuss later
(radar, satellites, and rawindondes)
In METR 3613 “Meteorological Instruments” you will learn MUCH more about
this subject.
Networks
Networks are used to collect mass quantities of weather data. (most are stationary)
ASOS Network (Automated Surface Observation System) – nationwide network
for measuring weather conditions every hr.
Oklahoma Mesonet – unique to Oklahoma, dense network of weather stations
in entire state, measuring conditions every 15 min.
View of a Typical Mesonet Station
Laboratory Safety
Laboratory Safety
•Students
must wear lab coat in laboratory every time.
•Students must wear good shoes (no slippers allowed).
•Students
are expected to strictly follow instruction of each experiments.
•Do not work alone in laboratory.
•Eating,
drinking and smoking is strictly prohibited in the laboratory.
•Unauthorized experiments and experiments not related to food
microbiology course will not be allowed.
•Students
who are not taking the food microbiology course are not expected to be in
lab.
•All experiments must be conducted under supervision of relevant
lecturer or
demonstrators.
•After
conducting experiments,
–Switch off power on all equipment used.
–Keep all the chemicals in place ensuring
the containers are tightly covered.
–Clean the working table and equipment s eg. PH
probe, weighing balance etc.
–Switch off light and lock the door.
•Safety
•This is a prime important and all
students are expected to cooperate in this respect.
•Chemicals used in laboratory could be
flammable, toxic, and cause external or internal injury.
•Microbes used in laboratory could be
pathogenic.
•So, everyone work in laboratory must be
well prepared with various safety measures.
•Laboratory should be equipped with
various safety equipments.
•Fire extinguishers
•Eye washer
•Safety showers
•Fume hood
•Chemical disposal
•First aid supplies
•Special aids for particular experiments ( Glasses, shield, UV
protectors, etc.)
•Hygiene
•Must keep tables clean.
•Must use gloves and wash them
after use with detergents.
•Glassware should keep clean and dry.
•All glassware and utensils in use
must be properly labeled.
•Rules for biotechnology practical
•Do not eat, drink, apply
cosmetics or lip balm, or store food in laboratory.
•Wear a protective laboratory coat or
apron when you are working with cultures, and avoid
wearing long, full sleeves
if possible.
•Tie long hair back or put it up.
•Carry and store cultures of
microorganisms in racks or baskets. Do not leave cultures on the
table or
unmarked areas after laboratory session is completed.
•Cultures to be discarded should
be clearly labeled. All those cultures should be autoclaved
before discarding.
•Decontaminate work space after spills at
the beginning and at the end of experiments using
disinfectant.
•Mix liquid cultures gently.
•Never pipette cultures by mouth.
•Wash hands using soap after any
contamination and after laboratory session and dry hands
after washing.
•Open cuts should be properly covered.
•Students with special health
problems should inform the laboratory staff.
•Shake broth cultures in a manner that
avoid wetting the plug or cap.
•All contaminated liquid or solid
waste must be decontaminated before disposal.
•Emergency procedure while doing biotechnology practical
•Spills
Flood the infected area with
disinfectant and dry with paper towels.
•Ingestion
–Do not swallow.
–Empty content of mouth into sink.
–Rinse mouth with copious amount of water.
–Report to lab staff.
•Exposure
–Eye
Immediately walk to eye wash
station and hold eyelids open and wash at least two
min. Inform instructor.
–Cuts
do not put mouth over cut or
breath on the cut. Wash cut with water, follow with
disinfectant. Place a clean
material over cut.
–Needle injection
Report immediately to instructor
and contact medical Center
Equipments used in biotechnology.
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